Russia is determined to commence mass production of semiconductor chips using domestic 28nm-class process technology by the year 2030. This initiative aims to assist MCST, the organization behind the SPARC-based Elbrus processors, in creating CPUs tailored for the needs of Russian enterprises. However, experts caution that the Elbrus ecosystem must mature before these processors can be effectively utilized.
Manufacturing Goals and Challenges
Konstantin Trushkin, Deputy Director for Development at MCST, stated that they expect to establish production facilities by 2028 or 2030. He noted that Russia will be unable to produce processors based on Intel’s x86 architecture due to licensing restrictions, thus shifting focus to creating products that utilize different instruction set architectures (ISAs) like Elbrus.
Current Production Capabilities
Despite these optimistic projections, Russia is still in the early stages of developing its semiconductor capabilities. The current facilities have only completed the development of a lithography tool for producing chips using a 350nm fabrication process, with mass production yet to begin. Additionally, efforts are underway to create a tool capable of a 130nm process, indicating the nation’s long-term ambitions to advance its technology base.
Export Restrictions and Smuggling Activities
Since the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Taiwanese authorities have restricted the export of advanced chips to Russia and Belarus. In response, Russia has resorted to smuggling older ASML PAS 5500-series lithography machines and spare parts into the country. These tools are capable of producing chips with resolutions down to 90nm, offering some level of operational capacity, albeit with outdated technology.
Addressing Software Compatibility and Ecosystem Development
MCST’s plans to produce high-performance CPUs hinge on the belief that reliance on foreign microprocessors poses significant risks to the integrity of national information systems. Trushkin emphasized the necessity of transitioning to domestic hardware, which involves significant hurdles, particularly in software adaptation. Dmitry Gusev from InfoTeKS pointed out historical challenges faced in integrating Elbrus processors due to a lack of qualified personnel to adapt existing software.
Recommendations for a Supportive Environment
Gusev has advised that before implementing widespread adoption of Elbrus processors, there should be a focus on fostering an ecosystem that includes educational and institutional support. He suggested that the government should encourage universities to develop talent rather than attempting to mandate immediate adoption through regulations. This approach would help ensure a sufficient number of skilled specialists in the future, alleviating the competitive strain on businesses in recruiting for this niche skill set.